Porter Five Force Analysis of Indian Food Processing Industry

Porter’s five force analysis of food processing industry | MARKETING STRATEGY | HITESH VAVAIYA | Table of Contents Acknowledgement 3 Introduction of Report 3 Research Objective 4 Introduction of Food Processing Industry 4 The History of Food Processing Industry 4 Supply chain of food processing industry and factor affecting each activity 5 Agriculture 5 Food processing 5 Indian Food Processing Industry 7 History of food processing Industry in India 7 Current Market Overview 9 Indian Food Processing Industry Performance 11 Food Processing Sector overview 11 Major Players of Food Processing Industry 14 Indian Food Processing Companies Profiles 14 Major Indian player in Food processing Industry Overview 15 I.T.C LTD 15†¦show more content†¦The origins of beer also go back to Babylon and Egypt in the period from 3,000 to 5,000 BC. The foundation of the modern industry was built up with the introduction of machinery and technology of new methods from Germany. Nowadays, the processed foods that are thriving in grocery shops are modern processed foods and traditional foods, but their manufacturing technology, process control and manufacturing and packaging environmental facilities have been advanced and rationalized to an incomparable extent in the last 30 years. As a result, products with high quality and uniformity are now being manufactured. This is based on the advancement of food science, and is, moreover, due to the general introduction of hygienics, applied microbiology, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electronic engineering and high-polymer technology. The most remarkable developments until now have been convenient pre-cooked frozen foods, retort pouch foods and dried foods. The mass production of excellent quality processed foods without using unnecessary food additives has been made possib le in the last 30 years by grading and inspecting the process materials, carrying out proper inspections of processed foods, and advances in processing technology, installation and packaging technology and materials.Show MoreRelatedNestle: Strategic Management and Swot Analysis1862 Words   |  8 Pagesafter that it will analyze the company of Nestlà © and Singapore market by using SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces. Finally, it will have recommendation and conclusion to follow it. 2. Company background Henri Nestlà © founded Nestlà © in 1866 in Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world. Some of products are produced from Nestlà © include baby food, coffee, dairy products, ice cream, pet food, etc. Nowadays, Nestlà © has more than 400 factories around world and its operationRead MoreIndia Is A Global Agricultural Powerhouse Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesProduct (GDP) in India. This however plays a major role in the Indian economy. It is the largest in the production of wheat, rice and cotton. Multiple factors have influenced the growth of India’s agricultural sector which includes the growth of consumption, household income and expansion in agricultural exports. There has been a rise in private participation in Indian agriculture and the use of information technology in the agricultural industry. However, India suffered its own economic downturn in 2008-09Read MorePestel and Porter Five Force Analysis of Container Line Shipping Industry in India7062 Wor ds   |  29 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Shipping Industry† in India Business Group: Container Line Compiled by: Ashok Lalwani Introduction: There are many factors which directly or indirectly affect the present day businesses like government policies, regulations, laws, human rights, competition, technology, international organisations, world trade bodies, child labour, minimum wage, pollution, accidents, risks, violence, security, labour, supplies etc. Therefore it becomes important for every business to determineRead MoreSugar Industry in India2025 Words   |  9 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY 3 KEY SUCCESS FACTORS (KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS) 4 PEST ANALYSIS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN INDIA 4 PORTERS FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS 8 FACTORS LEADING TO INCREASE IN DEMAND OF SUGAR IN INDIA 12 GLOBAL SUGAR OVERVIEW 12 BY-PRODUCTS 13 FACTORS LEADING TO INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 SUGAR INDUSTRY OF INDIA Introduction Sugar is extracted from two raw materials beet root and sugarcane , both produce identicalRead MoreEssay on Sugar Industry In India1910 Words   |  8 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY 3 KEY SUCCESS FACTORS (KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS) 4 PEST ANALYSIS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN INDIA 4 PORTERS FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS 8 FACTORS LEADING TO INCREASE IN DEMAND OF SUGAR IN INDIA 12 GLOBAL SUGAR OVERVIEW 12 BY-PRODUCTS 13 FACTORS LEADING TO INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 SUGAR INDUSTRY OF INDIA Introduction Sugar is extracted from two raw materials beet root and sugarcane , both produce identicalRead MoreMarketing Analysis : L P And India Essay2144 Words   |  9 Pagessuggestions are profited as indicated by that. Table of Contents Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined. Market analysis Error! Bookmark not defined. PESTLE – macro analysis Error! Bookmark not defined. Five forces – industry analysis Error! Bookmark not defined. Task environment Error! Bookmark not defined. SWOT analysis Error! Bookmark not defined. Target market Error! Bookmark not defined. Method of communication Error! Bookmark not defined. Similarities and clashesRead MoreFacility Management of Hospitality4287 Words   |  18 PagesTHE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING IN DELIVERING SERVICE QUALITY THROUGH PROCESS DESIGNS IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Introduction Tourism has by now become a global undertaking by consumers. As with other industries that operate in a globalised market, the hospitality industry is highly competitive with many companies vying for an extremely fickle and highly mobile customer base. Hospitality businesses are thus driven by a complex web of competitive strategy whereby marketing and operationRead MoreCoffee Wars India And How Cafe Coffee Day Essay2059 Words   |  9 Pagescompetitive advantage, so as to efficiently compete in its industry and create value for itself and society? This is the fundamental question that a business strategist aims to understand and solve. The case on Coffee Wars in India and how Cafà © Coffee Day (CCD) can effectively compete against global brands in India is an excellent way of appreciating this question. By April 2013, CCD was the dominant market player in a new coffee industry, effectively leading the market with more than 50% of theRead MoreThe Internal And External Environment Of Di Bella Coffee3733 Words   |  15 PagesDescription 3 PESTEL Analysis 4 Political and Legal 4 Economical 4-5 Socio-Cultural 5-6 Technological 6 Environmental 6-7 Porter ´s Five Forces 7 Bargaining Power of Buyers 8 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 8 Threat of new Entrants 8 Threat of Substitutes 9 Degree of Rivalry 9 Competitor Identification 10 Merlo Coffee 10-11 Vittoria 11 SWOT Analysis 11-12 Marketing Mix Analysis 13 Strategic PositioningRead MoreTuna Boat Owners Association Marketing Plan for Skipjack Tuna Market Penetration in Thailand2816 Words   |  11 PagesBackground Information 5 Industry Background 5 Organization 7 Vision 8 Mission 8 PESTEL Analysis 9 Political Factors 9 Economic Situations and Trends 10 Social Cultural Factors 11 Technological Factors 12 Environmental Factors 12 Legal Factors 13 Porters Five Force Analysis 13 Power of Suppliers Medium 13 Power of Buyers - High 14 Threat of New Entrants - High 14 Threat of Substitute Products High 15 Level of Industry Rivalry - High 15 SWOT Analysis 15 Strengths 15

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 Essay - 1098 Words

Catch 22 Comparison Paper Catch 22 by Joseph Heller is a complex and intricate novel. Heller uses many themes, does not have the story line in chronological order and often uses irony in his descriptions. Many of the themes can be compared to other literature. One of the themes that can be compared is fear in war. The idea is that the evils and cruelty of war can make a grown man go back into a fetal state. This can be seen in The Ball Turret Gunner by Randall Jarrell and can be compared to the metaphor used in chapter five of Catch 22. In this chapter Yossarian talks about the tight crawl space which led to the plexiglass bombardier’s compartment. This can be looked at as the passageway to fear. Every time Yossarian climbs down†¦show more content†¦When he went to tell ex-PFC Wintergreen his theory though, he was pushed away. It was if he didn’t care to think about the situation. This shows the lack of respect for another human life. This can also be seen in SlaughterHouse V. One of the things Billy thinks about is the value of human life. The question he asks is how can God not value the life of people and let them be slaughtered. What he was referring too was the concentration camps that he was in and saw people die at and the bombing of Dresden where many people lost their lives. Billy Pilgrim felt that if God loved his people that he wouldn’t allow this to happen. So therefore there would be no God because the God that people have learned about, loves everyone and would certainly not allow harm to anyone. This definitely takes aim at religion and basically sees how much faith a person might have in G od despite the evil he sees around him. Another take on it is that why does God want people to be miserable. This is seen by Doc Daneeka constantly asking Why Me. She talks about Hungry Joe and how Yossarian is constantly worries about Hungry Joe. She starts out by sarcastically saying that she has no stress. She says that she knows there is a war and there are people suffering. She can’t figure out why she has to be one of them. Another theme and imagery used in Catch 22 is the prisonShow MoreRelated Literary Analysis of Joseph Hellers Catch 22 Essay1774 Words   |  8 PagesLiterary Analysis of Joseph Hellers Catch 22 Laughing in the face of war and death, literally, is one of the things that make the novel Catch-22 by Joseph Heller such an intriguing and original story. It was written in 1961, a time when, due to the fighting of the Second World War, all war novels were written with a dark and dreary tone, while still trying to continue the pre-conceived romantic notions about war. However, Joseph Heller strips away all of the romantic pretense, and pulling heavilyRead MoreSatire in Joseph Hellers Novel, Catch 22935 Words   |  4 PagesSatire in Catch 22 What the heck was Heller up to? That is a simple, yet daunting question. In the 1961 novel Catch 22 Joseph Heller was poking fun at not only the United States Army but the entire human race. He often would point out how there was a lot of disorientation in the army and how nine out of ten times no one would know what was going on. Heller uses copious amounts of satire to tell his story and explain the bewilderment. He uses a lot of comic allusions to make peoples names meanRead MoreEssay Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and World War II1044 Words   |  5 Pagescreated a system for the public to follow, and if the individual opposed, he was oppressed. This kind of mentality is presented in the novel, Catch-22 (1955). Joseph Heller uses the insane situations of the setting and his characters to show a unique perspective on World War II. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A small Army Air Corps base serves as the setting for Catch-22. It is set on a fictitious island called Pianosa. The island is described as very small and is located in the Mediterranean Sea, off theRead More Use of Symbolism in Joseph Hellers Catch-22 Essay example1770 Words   |  8 PagesUse of Symbolism in Joseph Hellers Catch-22 The clerk sneezed three times in rapid succession and looked at me through watery eyes. What did you say your name was? I told him my name and he turned to a towering file cabinet overflowing with papers and brown manila envelopes. After sneezing three times and searching through a drawer, he pulled out a thin folder and laid it on the counter. Ah, he said in a nasal voice laden with condescension and impatience. I see you have no experienceRead MoreEssay about Anti-War Elements in Joseph Heller’s Catch-221153 Words   |  5 PagesCritics often refer to Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 as an anti-war novel. At its core, the novel has a disparaging view of war. The main character, John Yossarian, believes that war is madness. He is astounded that men lay down their lives for vague concepts such as country, patriotism, and honor. However, unlike the typical anti-war novel, Catch-22 doesn’t focus on the most dismal aspects of war; Heller masterfully crafts an effective satirical style of addressing war. Corruption, confusion, andRead MorePat Barkers Regeneration, Wilfred Owens Poetry and Joseph Hellers Catch-223081 Words   |  13 Pageswar on soldiers and civilians in Pat Barkers Regeneration and Wilfred Owens poetry. In the course of your writing show how your ideas have been illuminated by your response to Joseph Hellers Catch-22 and other readings of both core texts. Pat Barkers Regeneration, Wilfred Owens poetry and Joseph Hellers Catch-22 can all be categorised as subjective war texts  as the main structural principle is not dominated by characters actions, but rather, this is  subordinated  by the moral and psychologicalRead MoreTo What Extent is Marxist Criticism Helpful in Opening Up Potential Meanings in CATCH 22?1492 Words   |  6 PagesA Marxist reading enables the critic to see Catch 22, by Joseph Heller, as not simply an anti-war novel but a satirical representation of the absurdity of American bureaucracy and capitalism, and thus shows the extent to which the situation at the time was of concern to Heller. The novel takes place in Italy during World War II and the novel follows Yossarian who is a part of an air squadron yet Heller confirms that â€Å"The elements that inspired the ideas came to me from the civilian situation inRead More Irony in Catch 22 by Joseph Heller Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in Catch-22 by Jo seph Heller      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to The Merriam - Webster Dictionary Irony is 1.) the use of words to express the opposite of what one really means 2.) incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result (380) In Catch-22 the type of irony that Heller uses is the second definition incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected results (Merriam - Webster Dictionary 380). For example in Catch-22 Heller writesRead More Essay on Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller684 Words   |  3 PagesSatire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Joseph Hellers narration, dialogue, and characterization in Catch-22 all create a unique perspective of war and our societys bureaucracy. The satire, sarcasm, irony, and general absurdity of the novel provide a view of the irrationality of mans behavior. The horror that is portrayed in Catch-22 is intensified by the humorous way in which it is portrayed. Distortion and exaggeration highlight the characters and scenario while magnifying the confusionRead MoreCatch-22: â€Å"The Last Good War† in All Its Absurdity1000 Words   |  4 PagesCatch-22: â€Å"The Last Good War† in All Its Absurdity Published in 1961, Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is a satire of war with a twist. Heller wrote his narrative nonlinearly. Although certain critics described the novel as â€Å"disorganized, unreadable and crass†, the mismatched chronology complements Heller’s style of writing and draws the reader’s interest. One key point of Catch-22, the catch-22 paradox, makes use of the nonlinear structure to encircle the reader in the contradictions. In addition, Heller’s

Discuss How This Play Might Reflect On Elizabeth I`S Decision Not To Marry Free Essays

By the time Shakespeare wrote A Midsummer’s Night Dream during the winter of 1595-96, Queen Elizabeth I was well past her childbearing years, past the age of sixty and had not chosen an heir. Given the previous several decades of English history, this made her subjects understandably apprehensive. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss How This Play Might Reflect On Elizabeth I`S Decision Not To Marry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fact that she was a powerful ruler who had accomplished much and was relatively benign elicited admiration; however, the fact that she was an unmarried woman would have raised many questions in the minds of people living in and during what essentially was a patriarchal, male-dominated place and time. The initial performance of A Midsummer’s Night Dream may have been attended by Elizabeth. Were this the case and it was known that the Queen would attend, it would not have been unreasonable for Shakespeare to incorporate elements designed to flatter her. On the other hand, Shakespeare’s plays were written â€Å"for the masses† as well. It is not beyond the realm of possibility that some subtle form of political or social criticism might have found its way into the script. In some ways, the structure of the play (one of the few that Shakespeare created from his own imagination without relying on a primary source) is metaphorical of the history of England during the turbulent years of the 16th century; the Duke of Theseus and Queen Hippolyta represent stability in what is essentially a chaotic plot, and this stability is present only at the beginning and the ending of the play. Likewise, the 16th century had opened with the reign of Henry VI, who had restored stability following the War of the Roses; when his son, Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church over the issue of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, he unintentionally lit a socio-political fire fanned by the winds of the Reformation, leading to societal upheavals over which he had little control. Following the passing of Henry VIII, three more Tudor monarchs came and went in quick succession (Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey and Mary I), each one bringing a change of official religion; Elizabeth I restored stability to English society and began the process of turning the British Empire into a superpower. Elizabeth’s legitimacy was in question because of her Protestant faith, but she was very popular with her subjects. Nonetheless, the question of her marriage came up soon after her ascension to the throne. Rumors at the time suggested that she was in love with the 1st Earl of Leicester, Robert Dudley, but since her council would not sanction marriage to a commoner, she decided not to marry at all. It is more likely that the decision was political, however. Had Elizabeth married, she would have sacrificed virtually all of her power and a sizable portion of her wealth. In the opening scene of A Midsummer’s Night Dream, Hermia refuses the suitor her father Egeus has chosen for her. Theseus outlines her alternatives in no uncertain terms: â€Å"Either to die the death, or to abjure For ever the society of men.† (Act I, Scene 1, Lines 65-66). Any male monarch (married or not) would have had to a mistress, and no questions would have been asked. The patriarchal double-standard would have made any tryst on Elizabeth’s part a political disaster, however. Furthermore, Renaissance conventions required that a wife be unquestioningly subject to her husband’s authority. Since this would have had significant political consequences, it was in Elizabeth’s best interests (as well as England’s) for her to remain a virgin. On one hand, the play would seem to be critical of Elizabeth in her refusal to submit to male authority, and yet there is something admirable in Hermia’s defiance, willing to risk all for the one she loves. In the last scene of the 1999 film Elizabeth, the Queen declares that she is â€Å"married – to England. † Whether it was personal ambition and desire for power, or a true love for and sense of duty toward the nation, the fact remains that had Elizabeth married, Britain would never have become an empire, and the world would be a much different place today. How to cite Discuss How This Play Might Reflect On Elizabeth I`S Decision Not To Marry, Papers

Macbeth theme

Macbeth theme-one thing leads Essay In the general, a person will unexpectedly encounter a very important event. This event could be decision-maker or chanced one. In a decision-making event, the decision becomes the determinant of a set of sequence of events. In a chanced event, it is pure chance. This generalization applies not only to real life situations but also to literary pieces of work. A decision-making event is implemented in Shakespeares play, Macbeth. In life, it would be more likely a chanced one. When one event is put in action, a chain of events will follow about thus implementing the theme One thing leads to another. In Macbeth, a certain situation occurred that puts into motion a set of chained events. This situation is when Macbeth first met the three weird sisters in the beginning part of the play. The three weird sisters introduced two prophecies to Macbeth. The first prophecy is All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. (Act 1, Scene 3). The second prophecy is All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter! (Act 1, Scene 3) The prophecies of the three witches spark up a flare in Macbeths mind. After the first of the two prophecies came true, he was faced with the decision to assassin King Duncan or to sit down calmly and do nothing about it. Macbeths final decision was to kill the king and thus fulfilling the second prophecy of the three weird sisters. Macbeths decision of treason is the consequential beginning of the chain of events. As a result of becoming King of Scotland, Macbeth became very cautious and suspicious in order to secure his well being. Macbeths friend and fellow comrade, Banquo, is a righteous and honorable man. In this quote He hath wisdom that doth guide his valor to act in safety. There is none but he whose being I do fear (Act 3, Scene 1), Macbeth is afraid of Banquos being because he might disrupt his rein as king.As a result, Macbeth had to kill Banquo in order to feel that his throne was secure for the moment being. In this quote O, treachery! Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly! (Act 3, Scene 3), Banquo is slain by the men of Macbeth. The slaying of Banquo is an event in a chain of events resulting from King Duncans Death. After the slaying of Banquo, Macbeth is safe for the while being but yet another concern has risen amidst Macbeths noblemen. Following the slaying of Banquo, Macbeth has to make sure that he is secured of his throne and life. He went to ask the three weird sisters of his future as the King of Scotland. The three sisters showed Macbeth three visions. The first vision is an armed head apparition saying Beware Macduff! Beware Thane of Fife! (Act 4, Scene 1). The second vision is a bloody child saying, The powr of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth (Act 4, Scene 1). The third vision is a crowned child with a tree in his hand saying, Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him (Act 4, Scene 1). After hearing these visions, Macbeth was quite confident of his well being. But to eliminate anymore threats, he was determined to destroy the enemy before the enemy had a chance to strike at him. He ordered the deaths of Macduff and his family (Act 4, Scene 2). Fortunately, Macduff escaped to England where he combined forces with King Duncans son, Malcolm, and proposed retaking the throne of Scotland. The slayings of Macduffs family is a subsequent event that followed the death of Banquo and is a distant but close consequential result of Macbeth killing King Duncan. This sets in motion the finale of Macbeths throne and his life. After Malcolm and Macduff rallied up enough troops, they attacked Macbeths castle. .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 , .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .postImageUrl , .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 , .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:hover , .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:visited , .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:active { border:0!important; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:active , .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14 .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13c8f47fb3629219f38761349fc54c14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Apparts Jacob Riis Essay Malcolms army camouflaged themselves in branches and leaves thus fulfilling the prophecy of Great Birnam woods moving to Dunsinane. When Macbeth and Macduff engaged in a mono to mono duel, Macduff said, Tell thee, Macduff was from his mothers womb untimely ripped (Act 5, Scene 8). Macduffs words

Apple Lawsuit against Samsung

The value of Apple and Samsung smartphone and tablet market is estimated to be $200 billion. Apple is a dominant player in the smartphone market. However, Samsung has devised strategies which have enabled it acquire a significant share in the Smartphone and tablet market. This state of affairs has made Apple to experience a significant decline in its sales.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Lawsuit against Samsung specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because Samsung is manufacturing products that have similar features and specifications with Apple’s products. It has incorporated distinct features in mobile phones which have made the company to emerge as the best mobile manufacture in the world. However, Samsung has found itself on the wrong side of the law after infringing various patents that belong to Apple. Apple made accusations against Samsung when it incorporated the iPad and iPhone technolog ies in its Smartphones and tablets. Samsung was therefore asked to pay Apple $2.5 billion for infringing its patents. On the other hand, Samsung also sued Apple for infringing on its patents and it asked Apple to pay it $399 million for patent infringement (Fitzsimmons , 2012). However, after a month of trial, the jury stipulated that Samsung had infringed Apple’s patents and it was supposed to pay $1.05 billion to Apple for the damages caused. This amount was dropped from $2 billion after the jury found inconsistencies in the ruling. The jury also rejected Samsung’s countersuit. Samsung was found guilty for various types of patent infringement on different products that Apple manufactured. For example, Samsung Epic 4G and Galaxy SIII were the biggest violators. In this case, Samsung was supposed to pay Apple $143 million for damages. Therefore, Samsung was accused of stealing Apple’s designs and technologies which made iPhones and iPads to be successful in the mobile phone industry (Lawler, 2012). Apple succeeded when the jury ruled that Apple’s patents were valid. However, Samsung thought that it would erode the claims that had been made by Apple. This is because Samsung thought that the jury would argue against stealing unique designs and technologies. The various technology patents that Samsung was accused of stealing include â€Å"pinch and zoom,† â€Å"bounce-back† and â€Å"tap and zoom†. Samsung also violated Apple’s Patents which covered iPhone and iPad designs. The jury ruled that Samsung knew the consequences of its actions. Samsung’s intentions of duplicating Apple’s designs and technologies were therefore clear. (Fitzsimmons, 2012). However, studies reveal that the manner in which Apple became successful from the ruling will have a crucial impact on the technology industry in future (Lawler, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the analysis therefore, it is evident that Samsung had violated Apple’s copyrights. As a result, the jury was right by making Samsung to pay for the damages that it caused to Apple. This kind of patent infringement is demoralizing. This is because it can make a company to become less creative for fear of losing its copyrights to competitors. A company that becomes victim to patent infringement can also incur huge losses. This is because its products would start losing value in the market. Moreover, copyright infringement can affect the attitude of consumers towards the company that infringes another company’s patents. Consumers can therefore decide to refrain from purchasing products from that company. It is therefore important for a company to be creative and find its own designs and technologies that can make it to emerge successful in the market. References Fitzsimmons , M. (2012). Samsung found gui lty of patent infringement, Apple awarded over $1 billion. Retrieved from https://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/samsung-found-guilty-of-patent-infringement-apple-awarded-over-1-billion-1093486 Lawler, R. (2012). Apple v. Samsung jury finds Apple’s patents valid, awards it nearly $1.05 billion in damages. Retrieved from http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/24/apple-v-samsung-decision/ This essay on Apple Lawsuit against Samsung was written and submitted by user N1c0M1n0ru to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Narrative History of the French Revolution

A Narrative History of the French Revolution Interested in the French Revolution? Read our 101 but want more? Then try this, a narrative history of the French Revolution designed to give you a firm grounding in the subject: its all the whats and whens. Its also a perfect platform for readers who want to go on and study the much debated whys. The French Revolution is the threshold between an early, proto modern Europe and the modern age, ushering in a change so huge and all encompassing that the continent was remade by the forces (and often the armies) unleashed. It was truly a pleasure to write this narrative, as the complex characters (how did Robespierre go from wanting the death penalty banned to the architect of rule by terror and mass execution), and the tragic events (including a declaration designed to save a monarchy which actually crippled it) unfold into a fascinating whole. History of the French Revolution Pre-Revolutionary FranceFrances history of piecemeal territorial expansion produced a jigsaw of different laws, rights and boundaries which some felt were ripe for reform. Society was also divided - by tradition - into three estates: the clergy, the nobility and everyone else. The Crisis of the 1780s and the Causes of the French RevolutionWhile historians still debate the precise long term causes of the revolution, all are in agreement that a financial crisis in the 1780s provided the short term trigger for revolution. The Estates General and the Revolution of 1789The French Revolution began when the third estate deputies of the Estates General declared themselves a National Assembly and verbally seized sovereignty from the King while the citizens of Paris rebelled against royal control and stormed the Bastille in search of arms. Recreating France 1789 – 91Having seized control of France, the deputies of the National Assembly began reforming the nation, scrapping rights and p rivileges and drawing up a new constitution. The Republican Revolution 1792In 1792 a second revolution took place, as Jacobins and sansculottes forced the Assembly to replace itself with a National Convention which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic and in 1793 executed the king. Purges and Revolt 1793In 1793 tensions in the revolution finally exploded, especially in rural areas where conscription and laws against priests caused open and armed rebellion against the domination of the revolution by Parisians. The Terror 1793 – 94Faced with crises on all fronts, the Committee of Public Safety embarked on a bloody policy of terror, executing their enemies – real and imagined – with no real trials in an attempt to save the revolution. Over 16,000 were executed and over 10,000 died in prison. Thermidor 1794 - 95In 1794 Robespierre and the other terrorists were overthrown, leading to a backlash against his supporters and the laws they had en-acted. A new constitution was drawn up. The Directory, t he Consulate and the End of Revolution 1795 - 1802From 1795 to 1802 coups and military power played an increasing role in the rule of France, until an ambitious and highly successful young General called Napoleon Bonaparte seized power and had himself elected Consul for Life in 1802. He would later declare himself Emperor, and a debate about whether he ended the French Revolution would outlast him (and continue to this day). He certainly mastered the forces the revolution unleashed and tied together opposed forces. But France would search for stability for several decades yet. Related Reading on the French Revolution History of the GuillotineThe Guillotine is the classic physical symbol of the French Revolution, a machine designed for its cold blooded equality. This article takes a look at the history of both the guillotine and the similar machines which came before.

Creative book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Creative book - Essay Example Leatherman tools give you the best service ever because our goods have fair prices, durability and the best ever guarantees at 25 years time. This is enough time to have become a macho man. Grab your today and take home a sexy lady. Appeal comes from the luxurious part of the tools and its handy nature of preparing juices with the compact juice tool. The best part is that all Leatherman tools are replaceable and have guides. Be the man with Leatherman tools. Try the lucky charm in Leatherman tools. Caught in danger? Have pocket survival tools: A simple tool can change your life. A simple tool can mean life and death. What if the tool was a multi dual with numerous tools all in one? This could mean fighting the worst battles and emerging victorious. This is what Leatherman tools aim at. Apart from folding in disparate ways, Leatherman tools come in different styles in one piece. There is combination of blades, pliers, files, pruners, screwdrivers with some sets having cork screws. All these are replaceable and have back up. Furthermore, Leatherman tools have manuals that make them easier to use. For more information visit our websites and comment or ask our dedicate staff for assistance whenever. Leather man tools the best offers ever. Here is a faster way of fixing your problems: With over thirty ranges of products, Leatherman hand tools are the most wanted hand tools in town. The company strives to give you the best by offering luxury, durability and value all in one. Everybody has a catch in the trendy hand tools and fixing problems is a walk in the park. Rush while stocks last but Leatherman will always offer you the most tiring guarantees in the market placing it at the top of the market. Our dedicated staffs have stylish hand tools that take the drabness off the use of hands to fix all problems. Camping, hitch hiking and home problems are now our best friends with the triple power of Leatherman hand tools. Don’t we just love have

Critically consider the challenges and opportunities that social and Essay - 1

Critically consider the challenges and opportunities that social and community enterprises face in their pursuit to affect social change - Essay Example Such new generation of entrepreneurs uses new approaches from the commercial world and employ new types of  technology  to embrace the greater amount of social  and  environmental  problems that occurred recently. Now enterprises are socially and environmentally oriented and it does not matter whether it is a for-profit or a non-profit organization, its entrepreneurial solutions propose more engagement, jobs and hope in those areas where until today there were none of such enterprises (Branson, 2013). There appeared entrepreneurs with social passion, whose creativity skills and entrepreneurial frame is deeply in mind, those who are ready to create and implement â€Å"something out of nothing† (Praszkier & Nowak, 2011). These individuals are the social entrepreneurs and these are their businesses, which have already created a phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in practice. Social entrepreneurs are aimed to address their activities to the unsolvable social problems and that is how these modern companies have earned a considerable success in motivating a people to generate a huge impact on the society (Defourny & Nyssens, 2010). By the time that social entrepreneurs became well known type of business makers, they have grown into a global movement earning the name of those who bring social- value creations to people and thus are appreciated by more and more people. However, due to the limited research in this sphere, there is no single opinion whether social entrepreneurs bring mainly good things to the society or whether their activities are underestimated (Short, Moss & Lumpkin, 2009). The following paper will try to analyze the challenges and opportunities that social enterprises face today and if it impacts social change. Due to many researches that were studied, there are several definitions of social entrepreneurship. One of such definitions claims that its aim is the ability of

Value & Risk Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Value & Risk Management - Assignment Example Value drivers can be defined as elements within a project which improve the product quality, and also minimise costs. These drivers become essential during project management as they provide assistance to auditors on possible value adding elements. The utilisation of value drivers remains fundamental to successful completion of many development projects, within the construction industry. These elements remain fundamental towards ensuring projects remain within their allocated budgetary requirements, and produce satisfactory outcomes. Several value drivers can be identified for the project as defined below Ensure effective project management and delivery Achievement of required financial targets Minimising operation and maintenance costs, and environmental impact for the building Complying with various third party requirements Effective project management Effective project management process involves proper utilisation of available resources as a method of minimising wastage at differ ent project development stages. Effective management remains the most fundamental element for ensuring efficacy in development projects. This involves the proper utilisation of available resources in meeting the requirements of the project as defined in the planning stages. This value driver remains focused at ensuring projects achieves excellence through compliance with required project outcomes. Ensuring presence and application of this value driver remains fundamental to successful project completion. The incorporation of effective management begins with the appointment of a project team. In ensuring effectiveness, the management team should be selected from individuals possessing the essential skills and expertise in the construction industry. The utilisation of independent client advisors could be applied where the team lacks experts in a specified profession, While selecting individuals with essential expertise and skills, a consideration for cost should also be factored to en sure functionality of the team. The team must become fully engaged into the project from the beginning stages. Efficacy in the management skills of the team should be displayed through coordination, integration and communication among the team members, consequently ensuring the team functions as a single unit. Other than communication among team members, external communication with stakeholders remains a fundamental component for ensuring success in development projects. Management teams should involve users, contractors and all members involved in the supply chain delivery continuously, to get their expertise and opinions on the project. The management team should develop an execution plan, which should act as a guideline during the project lifetime. The effectiveness of the team remains the main reason behind utilising a project management team, fully engaged in the operations of the project. The effectiveness should be measured according to the desired industry standards, develop ed by regulatory organisations. Compliance to these regulatory requirements remains a key performance indicator

Police UK Force

Police UK Force Evaluating the Moral Justification of Force in the UK Police Consequentialism and the Use of Deadly Force Among Police Personnel in the UK Against a backdrop of a democratic society, the use of deadly force by the police in countries such as the UK seems implausible for human rights activists. First, police officers are expected to uphold the human rights of every individual hence, civilian rights are always preserved even in criminal cases where the due process of law is considered to be the golden standard in the judicial system. Thus, threading the line between regulations and policies of the agency as well as the ethical and moral dilemma in the use of deadly force predisposes police officers to question the legitimacy as well as the moral justifications in their use of deadly force. While several philosophical theorists have argued for different justifications through philosophical theories, the theory of consequentialism appears to be the one that closely justifies the use of deadly force among the police. Before examining the moral and ethical arguments for the use of deadly force using the consequentialist paradigm, let us first examine the important aspects of deadly force and the use of it by the UK police. First, deadly force as defined by Geller and Scott (23) pertains to the force reasonably capable of causing death or bodily harm. According to this definition, an act that can kill should be consumated before it can be considered as a deadly force hence; threats are not considered to be within the parameters of this scope. The use of deadly force according to Kappeler, Kraska and Marron (3) falls within emergency situations such as in hostage taking, shooting randomly, pursuance of a police officer of unarrested criminal and other similar incidences. Consequently, in the UK, police officers are given the discretion to determine if the suspect poses a threat to the police officer or the public. In the pursuit of these suspects, police officers are given the power to use deadly force through probably cause of harm. The courts decide whether the use of deadly force is justified or not and in some cases, police officers are charged because their use of deadly force is considered to be unjustifiable. Hence, there is a very thin line separating the justification of the use of deadly force from an act that is unjustified. The ethical and moral dilemma of police officers therefore rests not only on the regulations of their agency but on their analytical and ethical decision. Thus, the pursuit of the philosophical theory that can best justify the use of deadly force ensues. Consequentialism has been considered as one of the more important theories in justifying the use of deadly force by the police primarily because of its consideration of the consequences of a given act. In contrast with other theories that uses the nature of the act itself (deontology) or the goodness of the wrongness of the act or whether it is a good virtue or not (virtue ethics), consequentialism considers the aggregate value of the act based on the summation of its consequences- if it benefits the greater number of people, then it is considered to be morally justifiable. It should be noted that consequentialism has different forms such as the act consequentialism and the rule consequentialism. In this paper both types of consequentialism will be explored. The Ethico-Moral Principles of Consequentialism: Implications in Use of Force First, the use of deadly force is essential in policing and in providing a higher value for the consequences of the actions. Some writers do posit that the use of force is essential and central in policing. Skolnick and Fyfe, in their recent book on the topic, frankly contend: No matter how many warnings may be issued by superiors about limitations on the use of force, no matter how much talk about policing as a profession, police training continually reminds recruits that coercive power is a central feature of police life. (Skolnick and Fyfe, 95) They claim that such force will remain an inevitable component of policing.(Skolnick and Fyfe, 37) Vance McLaughlin similarly asserts that although the use of force by police is not as frequent as the public may imagine, police officers routinely use force to carry out their role as enforcers. His view is that the use of force is inherent in the profession just as legitimate force is an essential ingredient in maintaining an ordered society (McLaughlin, 1). Accordingly, in every nation today, law enforcement officers possess the right to use force (McLaughlin, 7) Lawrence Sherman maintains a comparable perspective in saying: Force is the essence of criminal justice, just as the monopoly on the legitimate use of force is the essence of the nation-state (Sherman, 37). Second, the use of force by the police is legitimized by the concept of the greater good for the greatest number- a concept that is used not only in democratic countries such as the UK but also in moral arguments. For instance, several studies both in domestic and international political and security arena have provided extensive justifications for the use of force using the consequentialist paradigm. For instance, in the study of Whitley (24), the author argued that preventive war to crimes produces more good than evil and hence, similar to the study of Yoo (730), the use of force is self-defense and in defense of society is a just war and is therefore legitimate. Hence, in the same vein, any person who is poised to commit a crime against the society necessarily invokes the right of governing institutions such as the police force to enforce security and safety of the greater good. Within this argument, the virtue of an act or the use of force by the police is justified by the preser vation of security within the society. This argument presupposes that the consequence of the use of force by the police would lead to greater security and hence, deterrence of violence which leads to better quality of life for the people in this case, British citizens. The use of force by the UK police was born out of threats to public safety. Neyroud (252-253) outlining the history of the UK police force has argued that the baton-days before the 1980s was inadequate in protecting the public against public criminals such as in the case of the Hungerford Shootings and the Thames Valley where an armed man started to shoot in random killing two person and one injury. Hence, according to Neyroud (253), the public expectations of the police and the use of force has been a dilemma for the UK police- is the use of deadly force justified? Accordingly, according to the Thames Valley Police (1) argued that it is justified because it protected not only the police officers but also the public. This kind of threat cannot be allowed in a society because it lessens the confidence of the people on the police as well as on their own neighborhood. Hence, shooting a person who is out to kill others by virtue of the consequence of killing innocent people and police of ficers is justified because the death of the criminal would mean sparing the lives of innocent people and in the process restoring the peace needed by the greater number of people. Third, the use of deadly force by the police is justified because of the framework of defending ones self and defending others within the society. Within this frame, Kaufman (24) argues that the morality of people is subjected to a higher authority- in this case, the police force represents the society to which social contract is established among its citizens. According to Gentili (16), regulations are always backed with force- this type of force whether deadly or not is legitimate because people who have committed crimes to others and the society ultimately obliterate their human rights. Hence, in violating the rights of others and the public, criminals who are subjected to the use of deadly force essentially, forego their own human rights. Hence, while even the UN Charter would consider the use of deadly force as the last resort, it recognizes that political and judicial means are not always responsive in defending its citizens thus, the inherent use of deadly force in self-defens e cases are permitted (Yoo, 738). Consequently, the use of deadly force is more prevalent in the United States than in the UK because of the reason of self-defense. The use of deadly force is mostly applied to cases considered to be of extreme nature such as the murder of police officers, firearm robberies and homicide of the general population (Parent, 230). Within the consequentialism paradigm, the consequence of self-defense is morally justifiable because the police use of force is within the boundaries of their discretion- it is easier for the society to accept the shooting of the criminal who is about to kill a police officer or an innocent bystander than the police officer or the bystander being killed by the offender (Levy, 28). Similarly, consequentialism justifies the use of force through the argument that its use can deter the incidence of crime for the greater good of society. For instance, consequentialism is an agent-neutral term (Huigens, 944) that judges an action based on the value of a decision. For instance, if a police officer shoots a hostage taker, the police officer is essentially choosing between the life of the innocent hostage and the hostage taker. In these cases, the decision is weighed based on the value of the decision for the persons involved and the society in general. The dilemma for the police officer therefore is whether to risk the life of the hostage victim or take action and shoot the hostage taker. While negotiations in this type of situations are first used, the use of deadly force is considered as an important last resort if all things fail. As long as the police officer had exhaustive other means, then, the use of deadly force does not violate the protocols of police power a nd regulations in UK policing. Fourth, the use of deadly force is not used in the consequentialist theory sparingly but rather on the grounds that the consequence is still the best alternative. For instance, Paul Ramsey (144), a thinker who often concentrates on war issues rather backhandedly mentions the police when illustrating just war principles. Ramsey argues that the just use of political violence in warfare must include two principal elements: 1) a specific justification for sometimes killing another human being; and 2) severe and specific restrictions upon anyone who is under the hard necessity of doing so. Both are exhibited, says Ramsey (144) in the use of force proper to the domestic police power. Accordingly, police officers distinguish between aggressor, victim, and bystanders; and though an officer may hit some innocent party accidentally, it would never be right for him or her to enlarge the target and deliberately, or directly, kill any number (Ramsey, 187). Ramsey grounds this justification of such limited use of force upon what he identifies as social charity, in which the Christian, or anyone else for that matter, is called to love the neighbor by protecting him or her from the other aggressive neighbor who has chosen to become an enemy. Although Christians are called to love the enemy as well, Ramsey asserts that when choice must be made between the perpetrator of injustice and the many victims of it, the latter may and should be preferredeven if effectively to do so would require the use of armed force against some evil power (Ramsey, 143) In this way, Ramsey maintains that restraint in the use of force is still necessary in order to respect and, indeed, love the alleged perpetrator. While this is the only point at which Ramsey devotes any attention to the context of law enforcement, it is noteworthy that it is a pivotal illustration upon which he bases the rest of his work concerning the justification of war. The use of force often reflects an on-the-spot decision made by the police officer on the scene. The officer must quickly assess the situation and take proper action. So many factors may come into play that guidelines, restrictions, and laws may seem too vague to be of practical use to the officer; the use of force is thus difficult to control.(Skolnick and Fyfe, 38) Yet, with more and more precision and uniformity, most recent guidelines and laws attempt to check excessive force and provide assistance to police by admonishing them that they should use no more force than is necessary or reasonable or that such force should be used only as a last resort. In this way, they echo the language of just war thinking, with its fundamental posture of restraint. The final criterion comes under the heading of right consequences in an objective sense, which is the goal or end that is sought. This is usually justified in terms of the global common good. It ordinarily consists in bringing about a lasting peace, and also includes consideration of the enemys real best interests. In the case of police, Malloy maintains that they may use the full force available to them only when they are convinced that the common good is being served (Malloy, 14). Therefore, the most objective goal of any officer in a physical confrontation is to have an opponent cease and desist from further resistance (McLaughlin, 85 ) The test of such a stance is taking someone as prisoner or, in other words, arresting him rather than using more force than is necessary. The best interests of all, including the alleged perpetrators, are to be kept in view, thereby maintaining the overall common good of society. The use of force should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective. While the use of force is occasionally unavoidable, every police officer will refrain from unnecessary infliction of pain or suffering and will never engage in cruel, degrading or inhuman treatment of any person. Hence, the use of deadly force as a last resort by the police involves due process or procedural integrity that qualifies both ad bellum and in bello criteria. On this criterion, sufficient time should be allowed for processes of negotiation and the exercise of diplomacy. Applying this notion to the police predicament, officers should exhaust all other possible methods for controlling a conflictive situation before resorting to the more severe levels of force.(Malloy, 13) Only when all else fails should a police officer resort to a higher degree of force. Admittedly, this is an onerous call for the police officer to make in a tense situation, such as a domestic conflict. Yet, this is precisely why there is a need for clearer principles and rules, as well as prior training to clarify and instill them. Implications on Act Consequentialism and Rule Consequentialism Consequentialism contends that an act is justified if the consequence is greater than the product if the deadly force has not been committed. Police officers who usually fall into the dilemma of using deadly force can use the philosophical ground of consequentialism as a rationale or justification for their decisions. However, police officers should be cautious in doing so. First, rule consequentialism necessitates that the police officer considers not only the consequence of the action but also the regulations of the UK police force. In doing so, it is important that police officers studies the protocols governing emergency situations where the discretion of police officers is called upon to decide whether the use of deadly force is necessary or not. Cases have it that there is a very thin line separating the legitimacy or the rightness and wrongness of a police officers decision to use deadly force. Hence, police officers would need to quickly appraise the situation vis a vis the regulations of the agency. On the other hand, act consequentialism would consider that the use of deadly force is justified only if it is morally right and if the act maximizes the good. Hence, it is important that the consequence of the action would yield greater good than harm to the personsl involved. An important philosophical discussion in this would be, on what perspective would the consequence be considered as maximized? The answer would be to the society. The society is considered as the barometer of the goodness or the wrongness of an act. Considering the greatest consequence would be to consider to the fate of the society. If for instance, a police officer shoots at a person who is shooting randomly, the police officer would be more or less justified in shooting down the person in order to save his self and the innocent citizens. Second, rule consequentialism considers the use of deadly force as the last resort in dealing with emergency cases. For instance, in hostage taking, the use of negotiations and diplomacies are considered to be the primary criteria among the police officers. The use of deadly force is only considered as a last resort or when all other means have been exhausted and failed. Police agency protocols also calls for the same prioritization. On the other hand, act utilitarianism would consider the maximal impact of the act. For instance, if the act had greater value for the society, then, it is considered to be good. Consequentialism would consider that police officers are capable of fulfilling the training and the analytic requirements in order to make a morally justifiable claim or decision would be explored in the next chapter. References Kaufman, Whitley. Whats Wrong with Preventive War? the Moral and Legal Basis for the Preventive Use of Force. Ethics and International Affairs. Volume 19: Issue 3. 23-30, 2005. Yoo, John. Using Force. University of Chicago Law Review 71 (Summer 2004), pp. 729-345. Neyroud, Peter. Use of Force. Policing. Volume 1, Issue 3: 252-254, 2007. Gentili, Alberto. De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1612), trans. John C. Rolfe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933), bk. I, ch. XIV. Levy, S., The Educational Equivalence of Act and Rule Utilitarianism†, in Hooker, Mason, and Miller, (eds.), pp.   27-39, 2000. Parent, Rick. The Police Use of Deadly Force: International Comparisons. Volume 79, Issue 3: 230-237, 2006. Huigens, Kyron. The Dead End of Deterrence, and Beyond. Wlliam and Mary Law Review. Volume 41, Issue 3. 943-957, 2000. Geller, W.A., and M.S. Scott. Deadly Force: What We Know. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 1992. Kappeler, V.E., Kraska, P.B. and Marron, J.E. â€Å"Police Policing Themselves: The Processing of Excessive Force Complaints.† Paper, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Boston, MA, March 1995. Ramsey, Paul. The Just War: Force and Political Responsibility 144 pages, 1968. Skolnick, J. and Fyfe, J. Above the Law: Police and Excessive Use of Force, 1993. McLaughlin, V. Police and the Use of Force: the Savannah Study, 1992. Sherman, L. Ethics in Criminal Justice Education, 1982. Malloy, E. The Ethics of Law Enforcement and Criminal Punishment, 1982.

education in France :: essays research papers

The education system in France: (source: European Union) I. Information on Community Law II. Information concerning the national education system III. Useful addresses I. Information on Community Law The fundamental principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality between students studying in a foreign country and national students applies as regards admission to an educational or training establishment. This includes enrolment fee requirements and the conditions governing the award of a grant to cover such fees. In this respect, any Community citizen must be treated in the same way as national citizens. One example of the kind of problem which young people studying another country may encounter would be special requirements on admission, the need to pass tests or supply documentary evidence, or other such conditions which are not required of nationals, and which have no objective justification. Each Member State's law provides for financial assistance for students in higher education. Some countries' laws may make it possible for a grant to be transferred where a student decides to study in another country. In other words, the student may continue to receive financial aid from his/her country of origin while studying in another Member State. Students covered by the Erasmus chapter of the Socrates programme are treated more favourably than students who have changed countries outside the Community scheme or under an inter-university agreement. It goes without saying that such students are still covered by the principle of equal treatment in terms of admission conditions, with exemption from the requirement to pay any enrolment fee. In addition, though, they continue to receive grants or other forms of financial assistance from their country of origin, regardless of the general rules or any obstacles in the country in question concerning the transferability of grants. As regards recognition of periods of training completed in an establishment in another country, the Community legislation governing the programme requires that this be provided for in the form of agreements between the university of origin and the host university. Such recognition is not necessarily guaranteed where study periods or training periods are not wi thin the scope of the Socrates/Erasmus programme. The conditions set out in a. above constitute a minimum set of rights which apply to all students who do not enjoy a broader status under Community law. For instance, where a student is classified as a worker or as a child of a Community worker, the principle of equal treatment applies to other aspects of academic life as well, i. education in France :: essays research papers The education system in France: (source: European Union) I. Information on Community Law II. Information concerning the national education system III. Useful addresses I. Information on Community Law The fundamental principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality between students studying in a foreign country and national students applies as regards admission to an educational or training establishment. This includes enrolment fee requirements and the conditions governing the award of a grant to cover such fees. In this respect, any Community citizen must be treated in the same way as national citizens. One example of the kind of problem which young people studying another country may encounter would be special requirements on admission, the need to pass tests or supply documentary evidence, or other such conditions which are not required of nationals, and which have no objective justification. Each Member State's law provides for financial assistance for students in higher education. Some countries' laws may make it possible for a grant to be transferred where a student decides to study in another country. In other words, the student may continue to receive financial aid from his/her country of origin while studying in another Member State. Students covered by the Erasmus chapter of the Socrates programme are treated more favourably than students who have changed countries outside the Community scheme or under an inter-university agreement. It goes without saying that such students are still covered by the principle of equal treatment in terms of admission conditions, with exemption from the requirement to pay any enrolment fee. In addition, though, they continue to receive grants or other forms of financial assistance from their country of origin, regardless of the general rules or any obstacles in the country in question concerning the transferability of grants. As regards recognition of periods of training completed in an establishment in another country, the Community legislation governing the programme requires that this be provided for in the form of agreements between the university of origin and the host university. Such recognition is not necessarily guaranteed where study periods or training periods are not wi thin the scope of the Socrates/Erasmus programme. The conditions set out in a. above constitute a minimum set of rights which apply to all students who do not enjoy a broader status under Community law. For instance, where a student is classified as a worker or as a child of a Community worker, the principle of equal treatment applies to other aspects of academic life as well, i.